峰会专题｜实践之外：玛莎·施瓦茨——现代景观艺术的引领者
点击上方GARLIC就能关注我们的微信平台啦
所有完整精彩内容请点击文章最下方左侧阅读原文
上期GARLIC向大家介绍了
James Corner
在美国的景观设计师基金会峰会
的专题演讲“景观城市”
这一期
小编将为大家隆重推出
Martha Schwartz
玛莎·施瓦茨
的宣言
让我们一起看看大师如何在会议上
重新定位景观设计师在21世纪中的角色
1. 大师介绍
2. 宣言正文
3. 相关网站
4. 宣言原文
5. 下期预告
首先呈上
当代
景观艺术的引领者
施瓦茨女士
的作品简介
1. 大师介绍
玛莎·施瓦茨 Martha Schwartz：
20世纪中后期现代景观艺术的标志性人物，哈佛GSD的景观实践的终身教授，哈佛GSD及“可持续的城市”工作小组的创始成员之一。美国景观设计师协会会员，英国皇家建筑协会会员，Martha Schwartz Partners首席设计师。曾在国际上多次发表关于可持续发展的城市和景观的讲座。
施瓦茨女士有着超过35年的艺术、景观及城市景观的专业实践经验。她关注几何线条、鲜明的色彩对比、非常规和廉价的材料的使用。其很多景观作品都因挑战传统的设计方式而引起整个景观界的轰动讨论并使她享誉全球，有景观界的“扎哈”之称。无可否认的是，她是一位始终孜孜不倦地探索尝试新的材料和手法 ，并将景观设计和艺术高度结合的值得尊重的景观大师。其代表作品包括面包圈公园（Bagel Garden）、瑞士再保险公司总部（Swiss Re Headquarters）、西安世博园（City and Nature Master Garden）等。
面包圈公园 Bagel Garden, Boston, MA, USA
迈阿密国际机场的隔音墙 Miami International Airport Sound Wall, Miami, FL, USA
西安世博园迷宫园 City and Nature Master Garden, Xi’an, China
但是
BUT
。
。
。
多才多艺的
施瓦茨女士
新的宣言
和艺术景观
并没有关系
让我们快来看看
她到底说了什么吧
2. 宣言正文
Beyond Practice ｜ 实践之外
Martha Schwartz ｜ 玛莎·施瓦茨
我相信当今科学对气候变化作出的预测已成为毋庸争辩的共识。曾于美国航空航天局工作的，因多次做出准确预言而获誉的行内顶尖的气候学家——詹姆斯·汉森 (图1）（James Hansen）最近发出了一个严峻的警告：我们几乎到了一个不可逆转的临界点，我们在未来将无法扭转甚至无法减缓气候变化的影响。换句话说，即使我们于此时此刻停止温室气体的排放，全球变暖的趋势仍将持续数百年，对海洋区域而言则可能是上千年。
这里有一些惊人的事实，当中提供的数据表明，全球变暖已成为无可挽回的趋势，且其发生的速度甚至要超出人们的预想。2015年是创记录的最热的一年，而过去的十年是自1880年以来最热的十年。2015年11月，官方证实全球平均气温上升1摄氏度，从科学的角度上来说，气温升高2摄氏度是灾难性气候变化的临界点，而目前全球温度已经上升了1摄氏度，达到了2摄氏度零界点的一半。第三，西伯利亚东部的北极大陆架中的甲烷正被释放出来，这是最具威胁性的事实之一。我们的二氧化碳排放量已经超过了350百万分率的预测临界点，目前高达400百万分率，每天以等同于400,000颗广岛原子弹的当量加热着我们的土地、空气、冰川和海洋(图2、3）。目前的全球海洋温度比140年前高出1摄氏度，被加热的北冰洋导致东西伯利亚的北极大陆架上的永久冻土开始融化并将甲烷释放到大气中，这是一种比二氧化碳蕴藏的热量多20到30倍的温室气体。亚北极地区的甲烷储量非常庞大，乃至于哪怕仅仅释放一小部分，便会导致地球大气的平均温度高达十摄氏度的跃升。最近在北极地区的观察显示从海底泄露甲烷的程度有所提升。以上的事实已足以得出一个非常合理的科学预言：甲烷很可能突然间灾难性地喷发出来或在未来几十年内不断涌出。这种释放可能对全球变暖产生一个指数放大的影响，导致灾难性场景的到来远远早于我们的预期。而目前我们已得到亚北极及北极地区大陆架快速融化的消息。
LAF（美国景观设计基金会）的宣言曾正确地预测及应对了1966年的环境危机(图4、5），并构想了属于50年前的愿景。我相信我们当年预想的生态规划举措和教育目标至今已基本完成，然而此时此刻，我们面临着一个全新的激烈挑战。在1966年的时候，这些愿景并未预见到全球化和人口爆炸性增长，以及相对应的化石燃料的使用和消耗，这带来的负面影响抵消了我们所有同行怀揣善意认真构划的所有可持续发展的设计成果。我不再相信我们所做的工作是适合一个人单独去做的。有责任心的从业者应当去努力帮助避免这个长期的可预见的危机，因为我们正步入前所未有的紧急状态。我们没有另一个50年，甚至没有另一个15年。我遗憾地得出这样的结论：在当前我们亟需面对的全球变暖的问题面前，我们很多优秀的专业实践都将变得无关紧要。
图2：气候变暖引起的冰川融化
图3：气候变暖引起的北极熊栖息地逐渐消失
图4：伊恩·麦克哈格《设计遵从自然》接受采访
图5：1966年LAF发表的宣言
我并非主张有责任心的从业者们应当为了履行义务而中止我们杰出的行业实践。然而我建议当前我们需要跳出景观项目实践之外，以便我们能在这个对环境而言攸关的路口做出正确的应对。摆在我们面前的问题是我们可以做什么事情来避免我们的愿景流于幻想；在全球变暖的影响远超预期的当下，作为一个以管理自然环境为己任的群体，我们可以去做什么。我的宣言是呼吁大家一起行动。我们必须共同倡导人们去资助一系列地质技术的开发和测试，以抵抗人类酿造的全球变暖，直到二氧化碳释放量减少至相应程度，并且最终过渡到可持续的能源经济时代。
首先作为第一要务， 我们应当开发新技术来冷却北极。 因为融化的北极冰川所引发的严重的甲烷释放可能会构成全球性的危机。目前在必要的规模下迅速冷却北极的相关技术已被提出，比如常规的太阳辐射管理就是一种可能的技术，但是我们应该立即开始针对这一目标进行投资和研究开发。与此同时，我们必须重视减少大气中现有二氧化碳的措施，如二氧化碳清除工序，以降低污染物水平及减缓气候变暖的影响。最后，由于对全球温室气体排放量的削减必须作为当务之急，我们必须严格执行对现有的、新增的和拟建的碳发电站，尤其是对拥有碳捕获存储技术的燃煤电厂的排放量的削减。科学家们已经设想了各种办法，可能还会发现新的方式来实现这些目标，所以这很可能是技术上可行的，但在真正部署之前还需要更多的研究和测试。我相信科学可以帮助我们迈出这个迫在眉睫的严峻形势，这样我们才有更多的时间去最终实现零碳排量的长期目标。
因此，我敦促LAF和ASLA（美国景观设计师协会）去构划强有力的议程以争取政治上的胜利，去说服我们的决策者和政客支持大胆的研究项目，去通过阻止北极地区甲烷释放以及能搜寻捕获二氧化碳的相关技术来拯救地球大气。我们必须向政府施加压力，去资助一个与曼哈顿项目规模相当的缓解气候变化的项目，以应对我们目前所面临的明确的、现实的环境危机。LAF需要构划一个议程，这里面还需要考虑在社交媒体当中发声。现在很清楚的是政治变革能够带来的生机与活力。分权和签名制约着当权者去考虑人民的呼声。这是《走上街头》这首歌的今天的版本，我们必须成为网络战士。我们是一个受过良好教育的，知识丰富的群体，也有立场去影响他人。团结在一起，我们有能力建立这种环境应急的意识，我们也有能力做出改变。我进一步建议，作为一群敬业的景观设计师，我们应当马上开始掀起一场非常积极的对抗气候变化的运动，而我认为这个运动应当由LAF负责。我们需要向其他有行动力的团体提供支持，比如350.org、地球之友、绿色和平组织、北极新闻以及其他为应对气候变化的政策和行动做出积极努力的团体。最后，LAF一直以来代表着行业的最高水平，同时也一直将气候变化作为其核心议题的一部分。我们应当鼓励、协助LAF提升其话语权与知名度，并建立一个知识平台，以培养我们自己的专业知识，以及将最新的关于气候变化的研究共享给他人。LAF应当考虑面向基层展开行动，并藉此反过来激发我们的政治领导人的积极性。ASLA在华盛顿特区有一个总部。这是另外一个非常需要与LAF进行合作的组织。在我们专业被全副武装起来之后，我们就可以运用非常多的学术权威力和政治影响力，在战略上推进对环境气候的救援运动。
综上所述，我建议我们将首要的关注点从个人实践转移到团体政治行动上，以推动政府：
通过国际合作致力于冷却北极，阻止甲烷释放，以及有效地清除大气中的二氧化碳的行动；
立刻采取有力措施全面遏制全球二氧化碳的排放；
朝向完全可再生能源的方向迅速发展。
我相信世界上最优秀的科学家们会找到方式为我们争取到宝贵的时间，让我们能够承受气候变化的迅速加剧，到那时我们将获得第二次机会去学习如何与地球和谐共存。然而当前最重要的是，我们每个人都必须去推动我们的专业组织，如LAF、ASLA、LALI（拉丁美洲景观组织）以及IFLA（国际景观设计师联盟），在一起进行合作。我自己也承诺将我的时间和精力用于建立一个气候变化的平台以促进政治行动。我会希望看到一个奥巴马总统式的由互联网发起的运动将这个词传播开来。
如果有任何人希望帮助将这个议程向前推进烦请告知，因为我目前仍在孤军奋战但我需要同伴。我还有一套参考书目，如果有任何人对我用以准备这篇宣言的资料感兴趣的话，我会很乐于分享给他们。谢谢大家。
3. 相关网站
LAF_Landscape Architecture Foundation
www.lafoundation.org
ASLA_American Society of Landscape Architects
www.asla.org
LALI_Latin American Landscape Initiative
www.lali-iniciativa.com
IFLA_International Federation of Landscape Architects
www.iflaonline.org
350.org
www.350.org
Carmichael Coal Mine, Queensland, Australia, Photo Credit: 350.org @ Australia
350.org Australia strongly opposes the Queensland Land Court’s recommendation that the Queensland Government approve Adani’s highly contested Carmichael coal mine in central Queensland, saying it flies in the face of the recently agreed Paris climate change agreement.
Friends of The Earth
www.foe.org
The deal agreed last December in Paris fails to deliver the scale of action needed to prevent dangerous climate change. Photo Credit: Friends of The Earth
Greenpeace
www.greenpeace.org
Shell has applied for a permit to drill for oil in the Alaskan Arctic next summer, in a move criticised by environmental campaigners. Photo Credit: Greenpeace Finland
Arctic News
www.arctic-news.blogspots.com
Data collected on a recent cruise confirm methane is being emitted. Photo Credit: Arctic News
4. 宣言原文
I believe the scientific consensus that answer projected climate change is now indisputable. James Hansen, the leading climate scientist, previously from NASA, respected from many predictions that have proven to be true, recently issued a grim warning that we are nearing the point of no return when it comes to reversing or even mitigating the adverse effects of climate change. In other words, if we were to stop producing greenhouse gases now, the globe would continue to warm for hundreds of years and the oceans would take perhaps thousands.
Here's several alarming facts that provide evidence that global warming is a promise and happening even faster than predicted. 2015 was the warmest year on record and this past decade was the warmest since 1880. In November of 2015, a one degree centigrade planetary rise in temperature was officially acknowledged, but widely believed to be conservative, in terms of scientific terms, that half-way mark to the two degree centigrade target or safe limit to avoid catastrophic global warming. And three, the Eastern Siberian Arctic Shelf Methane is being released, one of the most threatening facts of all. We have exceeded the projected tipping point of 350 parts per million of carbon dioxide and are now at 400 parts per million, heating up our land, air, ice and oceans with the equivalents of 400,000 Hiroshima atomic bombs a day. Global ocean temperatures are now one degree centigrade higher than they were 140 years ago. The heated Arctic Ocean is causing the permafrost of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf to melt releasing methane, a gas 20 to 30 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a heat trapping gas into the atmosphere. There are such massive reserves of methane in the subarctic that if only a small percentage is released, it can lead to a jump of the average temperature of earth's atmosphere by up to ten degree centigrade. Recent observations in the Arctic show increased grades of methane escaping from the sea bed now. These facts have produced a very plausible scientific prediction of a catastrophic release or bubble of Methane occurring abruptly or in coming decades. Such a release could have an exponentially amplifying effect on global warming launching catastrophic scenarios more rapidly than we had anticipated. And we are now just getting news of the rapid melting of the sub and arctic shelf.
Previously the LAF declaration correctly predicted and responded to the environmental crisis in 1966 with a vision 50 years ago. The ecological planning initiatives and educational goals that we are projected I believe have been accomplished, however at this point we confront a new drastic challenge. In 1966, these visionaries could not foresee globalization or the population explosion with corresponding fossil fuel use and consumption that have outstripped all of our professions, good intentions and achievements regarding sustainable development through responsible design. I no longer believe that the work we do is individual. Responsible practitioners will be able to effectively contribute to averting to this long predicted crisis, because we are entering a state of emergency. we do not have another 50 years or perhaps even 15 years. I sadly conclude that our excellent professional practices will become irrelevant in the phase of global warming, a problem whose magnitude we are now confronting.
I do not advocate ceasing our professional excellence for carrying out our individual duties as responsible practitioners. But I might suggest today, we must go beyond landscape architecture practice in order to broach this critical environmental crossroad. The question before us all is what can be done to keep the scenario from playing out; what can we do as a group of people whose ethos is to steward our natural environment since the impacts are coming much sooner than expected. My declaration is for a collective call to action. We must together advocate for funding the development and testing of a portfolio of geotechnologies to counteract manmade global warming until the required reductions in carbon dioxide emissions are reached and we have eventually transitioned to sustainable energy economies.
As a first priority, we should develop techniques to cool the Arctic, because of possibility of a major methane release triggered by melting Arctic ice constitutes a planetary emergency. There are technologies that have been proposed for rapidly cooling the Arctic on the necessary scale in the formal solar radiation management as one possible technology, but we should be investing and researching development towards this goal immediately. At the same time, we must focus upon measures that can reduce existing quantities of atmospheric carbon dioxide like carbon dioxide removal processes to lower the pollutant level and the warming effects. Finally, as cutting global greenhouse gas emissions must remain an urgent priority, reducing emissions from existing, new and proposed carbon power stations, particularly coal plants with carbon capture storage techniques must be rigorously pursued. Scientists have conceived various methods and new ones may be discovered to achieve these goals, so it is very likely to be technologically feasible, but much more research and testing is needed before deployment. I believe that science can help us out of this imminent and dire situation, in order to buy us time so that the longer term goal of zero carbon emissions can eventually be achieved.
I therefore urge both the LAF and the ASLA to create a political win with a forceful agenda, to persuade our decision makers and politicians to support bold research, to save our planet’s atmosphere through technologies that could prevent arctic methane release plus quester and capture carbon dioxide. We must exert pressure on a government to fund the equivalent of a Manhattan project for climate change mitigation in response to a clear and present environmental danger we are now facing. The LAF should create a political agenda, that will also be focused on having a social media voice. It’s now clear to these vitalities that political change can occur. Partitions and signatures impound those in power to exert the voice of people. This is today’s version of Takin’ It to the Streets. We must become online warriors. We are a well educated, knowledgeable group of people who have the status to influence others. Together we have the power to create awareness about this environmental emergency and we have the power to make change. I further propose that we as a group of dedicated landscape architects immediately embark upon a hyper aggressive climate campaign that I believe should be owned by the LAF. We need together give our support to other actionable groups like 350.org, Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace and the Arctic News amongst others who are working heroically and aggressively on climate change policy and action. Finally, the LAF has represented the profession as highest level and has always had climate change as part of its core agenda. We should encourage and assist the LAF to raise its voice, visibility and create a platform of knowledge for educating our own profession and reach out to others about up-to-date research on climate change. The LAF should focus its members towards grass root activism which in turn can motivate our political leaders. The ASLA has a lobby in Washington D.C. It is another group that really needs to collaborate with the LAF. To our profession’s all being armed, we can exercise a full amount of intellectual authority and political influence and strategically advance climate rescue.
In summary, I am suggesting we shift our priorities from individual practice to group political action so as to impel our government to:
Forge an international effort to cool the arctic, suppress methane and aggressively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere;
Take immediate and extremely drastic action to entirely curb global carbon dioxide emissions;
Evolve rapidly towards completely renewable energy resources.
I have hoped that the world’s best scientists will find ways to buy us the gift of time so that we can afford the swift intensification of climate change. Then we will be given a second chance to learn to live in balance with the earth. But most importantly, we must act as individuals and to encourage our professional organizations such as the LAF, the ASLA, and the LALI, as well as IFLA to come together and to work together now. I myself am pledging my time and energy to the LAF to build a climate change platform that will promote political action. I would like to see an Obama like internet led campaign to spread the word.
If there is anybody out there who would like to help bring this agenda forward please let me know as I am just one person on a mission but I need colleagues. Also I do have a bibliography if anybody interested of the resources that I’ve used for this declaration I would be happy to send to you. Thank you.
“实践之外”一文版权归Martha Schwartz女士和LAF所有，由GARLIC平台进行中文翻译，若您需要引用、转载，请来信告知，获取授权。未经GARLIC允许，不得盗用本站资源；不得复制或仿造本网站。如有侵权行为，必将追究法律责任。
The copyright ownership of Beyond Practice belongs to Ms. Martha Schwartz and LAF. The translation work is done by GARLIC. Without the original author or copyright holder's permission, the resources shall not be reproduced, modified or used in any form. Otherwise GARLIC will have the right to pursue legal responsibilities.
5. 下期精彩预告
峰会专题｜大师对话：反思与展望
峰会专辑往期回顾
点击题目就可以跳转页面哦
2. 峰会专题｜景观城市：詹姆斯·科纳——美国当代最著名景观大师
1. 参加美国最牛景观设计师峰会是一种什么样的体验｜DAY 1
长按上方图标识别图中二维码立刻关注GARLIC
如果有事找我们，您可以发邮件至:
info@garlicidealab.com
更多完整精彩内容请点击下方左侧阅读原文